reasons

1) the difference of surface tension between color paste and paint is too big

paint generally uses anionic or ionic polyelectrolyte dispersant, while color paste generally uses non-ionic or with some anionic dispersant, so that white pigment and colored pigment adsorb different wetting dispersant on the surface and have different surface tension.

2) color paste and paint compatibility is not good

the emulsifier outside the emulsion particles is not compatible with the surfactant outside the color and filler particles, causing flocculation of pigments.

3) mismatch of hydrophilic and oleophilic balance values between color paste and coating

the oleophilic material has small surface tension at its oleophilic end and floats to the surface more easily.

4）the influence of thickening agent

some pseudoplasticity thickening agents have great affinity with the surfactants with large hlb value, which makes them desorb on the surface of pigment, causing the aggregation and flocculation of pigment, resulting in floating color and flower.

solution

the best way to control the floating color is to choose the suitable wetting and dispersing agent, adjust the surface nature of the particles, and adjust the balance of its movement.

such as colored pigment flocculation, floating white, pigment flocculation floating color, can use wetting and dispersing agent to relieve flocculation, improve the surface properties of the particles to prevent or control floating color, in the process of controlling floating color several floating color phenomenon can be mutually transformed, control floating color. if the floating color is the color of the color paste, the hlb value of the coating than large, more hydrophilic, the basic paint preparation process to add oleophilic low-polarity additives to reduce the hlb value of the coating; if the floating color is white, the hlb value of the coating is relatively small, more oleophilic, the basic paint preparation process to add hydrophilic additives to increase the hydrophilic nature of the coating.

certain systems can be anti-floating color in the coating film, adding anionic wetting and dispersing agent in the finished paint, adsorbed on the surface of carbon black or organic violet pigment particles, improving the surface properties of pigment particles, enhancing the polarity, these non-polar weakly polar particles have the same polarity as white particles, and the polymer has the same degree of adsorption flocculation, and thus comparable movement in the drying of the coating film, controlling the floating color. a surfactant that strongly reduces surface tension, commonly silicone surfactants, is selected to migrate to the surface to form a single molecular film during coating film drying, balancing surface tension and controlling bloom; however, floating color is likely to persist.

add some additives that can produce thixotropic structure, such as kaolin, or silica, to form a network structure in the paint film to prevent pigment separation, control pigment flocculation, sedimentation and benard spiral flow, to reduce the phenomenon of floating color and flowering, thus preventing floating color or flowering.

2 color paint on the wall roller coating in the obvious roller marks

reasons

1) uneven thickness during painting operation

2）construction without wet joint

3）compatibility problem

4）insufficient amount of co-dose in emulsion paint

5）insufficient amount of emulsion in emulsion paint

6) the wall is not constructed at one time

solution

mainly for the solution of the compatibility problem:

1）mechanical dispersion (color paint)

color paint color can be shown under certain mechanical force dispersion.

2）adding wetting agent (color paint)

after adding wetting agent, the color becomes much darker, the color difference of finger study becomes smaller, and there is no obvious brush marks after brushing the board.

3）adjust the paint formula (base paint)

change the wetting and dispersing thickening system of paint to solve the compatibility problem of paint and color paste.

3 rainwater after the color paint surface has obvious rain marks

reasons

1）poor water resistance of base paint (emulsion is too hydrophilic, too much wetting agent or too much hydrophilic additives)

2）the water content of the substrate is too high or the humidity of the environment is too large

3）closing primer, not reach the effect

4) the coating film is not completely dry when it encounters water flushing

5) too much residual additives in the dark paint

prevention methods
1）use surfactants as little as possible, and use silicone as much as possible to reduce moisture absorption.
(2) use fluorine modified resin or additives to enhance water repellency and anti-fouling properties.

(3) use good water resistance emulsion.

4）coat the surface with glossy varnish.

4 after the rain, the color paint surface has obvious color loss

reasons

1）insufficient time for the paint film to dry, less than 2 hours after the construction of the rain.

2) the pvc concentration of the paint is too high, i.e. the emulsion is too low or the filling amount is too high.

3) the paint film is extremely poor in water resistance.

the solution

1）improve the content of emulsion.

2) choose the emulsion with good water resistance.

5after a period of time, the wall surface is obviously faded (flowering)

reasons

1) the content of emulsion of the paint is low.

2）the water resistance of the paint is not good.

3) improper choice of color paste.

4) dark color will also show lighter color if the paint film is chalked.

5) color migration (to the internal migration).

6) poor drying rate caused by conditions such as sunlight temperature of construction works.

7) not enough flatness, under the influence of gloss caused by the distant visual poor.

solution

1）increase the emulsion content in the paint.

2）choose the color paste with good weather resistance.

3) engineering conditions control.

6 unable to mix the required color

reasons

1）inappropriate content of titanium white (colors with poor coverage cannot be exhibited).

2) improper choice of color paste (some colors cannot be replaced by other color paste).

3) color migration.

solution

1）choose the paint with suitable titanium dioxide content.

2）choose the color paste with good compatibility.

1.according to the nature of the fiber selection of dyestuff various fibers due to their different properties, when dyeing need to choose the appropriate dyestuff. for example, when dyeing cotton fiber, because its molecular structure contains many hydrophilic hydroxyl groups, easy to absorb moisture expansion, can react with reactive groups, and more resistant to alkali, so you can choose direct, reduction, sulfur, ice dyes and reactive dyes dyeing. polyester is hydrophobic and not resistant to alkali at high temperature, so it is generally not suitable to use the above dyes, but should choose disperse dyes for dyeing.

2. select dyestuff according to the use of the dyed material because the dyed material is used for different purposes, the fastness requirements of the dyed products are also different. for example, the cloth used for curtains is not often washed, but it is often exposed to sunlight, so when dyeing, we should choose dyes with higher fastness to sunlight. when dyeing underwear and light-colored fabrics worn in summer, dyes with higher fastness to washing, sunlight and sweat should be chosen because they are washed and sun-dried frequently.
3. choose dyestuff according to the cost of dyestuff when choosing dyestuff, we should not only think about the color light and fastness, but also consider the cost and source of dyestuff and additives used. if the price of dyestuff is higher, we should try to consider using other dyestuff that can dye the same effect to reduce the production cost.
4. selection of dyestuff for color matching when color matching is needed, attention should be paid to their composition, solubility, color fastness, dyeing rate and other properties when choosing dyestuff. since the dyeing properties of various dyes are different, the dyeing effect is often affected by the difference in temperature, solubility and dyeing rate. therefore, when color matching, it is necessary to choose dyestuffs with similar properties, and the more similar the better, so as to facilitate the control of process conditions and the stability of dyeing quality.
5 select dyestuff according to the performance of dyeing machinery because of the different dyeing machinery, the nature and requirements of the dyestuff are different. if used for roll dyeing, the dyestuff with higher directness should be chosen; for rolling dyeing, the dyestuff with lower directness should be chosen, otherwise it will produce products that do not meet the requirements such as deep before and light after, uneven color.

specifically, the invention relates to a catalyst for preparing polyurethane and the application of the catalyst, belonging to the technical field of polyurethane material synthesis.

polyurethane is a general term for macromolecular compounds containing repeated carbamate groups on the main chain. this macromolecular material can be used to manufacture rubber, hard and soft foamed plastics, adhesives, coatings, paints and other products. it is widely used in construction, automobile, light industry, textile, petrochemical, metallurgy, electronics, national defense, medical machinery and many other fields.

polyurethane materials are made from polyisocyanates, polyols and other stabilizers by catalytic reaction of catalysts at a certain temperature. a class of catalysts commonly used in the synthesis of polyurethane materials are metal organic compounds. this kind of organic metal catalysts are organic compounds of lead and mercury. however, because lead and mercury are heavy metals, they are harmful to human health and cause serious environmental pollution, and have been listed as prohibited products.

this is an amine catalyst for preparing soft polyurethane foam with low emission and stable re catalysis, which includes at least one reactive amine catalyst and at least one organic potassium, zinc and/or tin compound, and has good catalytic activity. however, due to the use of tin compounds as a component of the catalyst in the above catalysts, organic tin catalysts contain unreacted dibutyltin, etc. such by-products are easy to lead to biological abnormalities or chronic poisoning, so they have been included in the list of controlled use by developed countries such as the european union. however, if organic tin compounds are not added and other organic compounds such as potassium and/or zinc are used instead of tin compounds, the catalytic activity of the catalyst will be significantly reduced. on the one hand, even if the reaction temperature is increased, the reaction speed will be reduced and the reaction time will be prolonged. on the other hand, if the reaction speed is similar to that of the tin containing catalyst, the amount of catalyst needs to be increased, for example, in the synthesis of synthetic leather slurry, using organic bismuth to completely replace dibutyltin dilaurate, the amount will be 4-5 times of the original amount; whether the former prolongs the reaction time, increases the reaction temperature, or the latter increases the amount of catalyst, the synthesis cost of polyurethane materials will be increased to varying degrees. even so, the physical properties of polyurethane materials synthesized by its catalyst, such as tensile strength and tear resistance, will be significantly reduced. moreover, when using the formula without tin compounds in the above literature, it is also easy to make the light color polyurethane material yellow; in addition, when the raw material formula of synthetic polyurethane contains water, the organic compounds of bismuth or zinc will be inactivated due to hydrolysis, which will shorten the storage period of the composite.
for this reason, the technical problem to be solved by the institute is that the catalyst without tin organic metals in the prior art not only has low catalytic activity, but also has poor performance of the polyurethane material, so as to provide an environment-friendly polyurethane catalyst with high catalytic activity and good physical performance for the preparation of rigid polyurethane materials.

preface
in the foaming process of polyurethane rigid foams for refrigerators, the one-step method is generally adopted. for refrigeration equipment such as refrigerators, factors such as whether foam is evenly distributed in large cavities with complex structures, the degree of uniformity of foam pores, and the high or low closure rate of foam have a great impact on the overall performance of refrigerators. these factors are related to the degree of bonding between foam and cavity wall, the stability of foam size, etc. with the continuous emergence of new varieties of rigid polyurethane foam materials, and in view of the fact that refrigerator manufacturers are eager to speed up production in order to improve production efficiency and reduce costs, we have consulted relevant information, screened and improved a variety of amine catalysts, carried out a series of contrast application tests, and applied them in the rigid polyurethane foam for refrigerators with hcfc-14b1 as foaming agent. these situations are discussed below.

main raw materials and specifications: polyether a, oh value 430mgkoh · g-1 ‘, moisture content 0.1%; polyether b, oh value 400mgkoh · g-1’, moisture content 0.1%; c polyether, oh value 360mgkoh · g-1 ‘, moisture ` 0.1%: d polyether, oh value 480mgkoh · g-1’, moisture sensitivity 0.1%; a. tetrapolyether b, c and d are all produced by shanghai gaoqiao petrochemical plant no. 3; foam homogenizer, acid value ` 0.1%; moisture 0.1%; water, distilled water; hcfc-141b, purity) 99.5%, imported: p21nco31.5%, imported; catalytic system a, b, e, d, e, self prepared.

methods in the experiment, we investigated the influence of several catalyst systems in the formula on the foaming process. the experiment was carried out at the ambient temperature of 20 ℃ and 1 ℃. the mixing speed is 3000 rpm. weigh all components except paip according to the formula and put them into a plastic cup. stir and mix evenly, adjust the temperature to 20 ℃, and then add ip with the material temperature of 20 ℃ measured in advance,

quickly stir for seconds, then put a cylindrical transparent mold with elevation scale lined with transparent plastic film on the plastic cup, time it, and record the milky white time, fiber time, non stick time and post curing time of the foaming process, as well as the foaming height at regular intervals. in order to judge the differences in the demoulding characteristics of foam materials composed of various catalytic systems, we mixed the different materials according to the above method and poured them into the square mold used for the test (the length x width x height are 2c5m, the mold temperature is 45 ℃, and the transparent plastic film is lined), and carried out several tests. the demoulding tests were carried out 150 seconds, 180 seconds, 210 seconds, 240 seconds, 270 seconds, 300 seconds, 330 seconds, and 360 seconds after the start of mixing, respectively, the thickness increase rate of foam formed by each catalyst system during demoulding at different times was measured. similarly, use the above method to mix the materials and pour them into the l mold, measure the physical properties of foam at different parts of the l mold, and conduct comparative tests on different catalytic systems
when the fiber time is the same, the opalescence time of different catalytic systems is different. if the length of the time interval between the opalescence time and the fiber time is used to measure the foam fluidity, a long interval means that there is sufficient time before the fiber time, the materials can fill the large and complex shaped cavity calmly, the foam is evenly distributed, and the density gradient is small. if the foam fluidity is evaluated according to the time interval, then the order from superior to inferior is d one boc one e. when the fiber time is the same, the non sticking time and post curing time of each catalytic system are different. generally, the curing speed is measured by the intervals between the fiber time and the non sticking time and the post curing time. short intervals mean fast curing reaction, and the demoulding time can be shortened accordingly. if the relative speed of curing reaction is evaluated according to this time interval, the order from fast to slow is: hour coh, d, e. 3.2 analyze the fluidity of foam based on the foaming speed curve, rising height and flow index. as can be seen from table 3 and the figure, the d catalytic system foam has a fast rising speed, especially at the initial stage. the curing height and final height are good and high, respectively. the flow index is large, and the average density of foam
in the foaming process of polyurethane rigid foams for refrigerators, the fluidity of foam and the curing speed of foam are the main indicators of foaming process performance. it can be seen from table 5 that the material fluidity is good, the foam is evenly distributed everywhere, the foam density gradient is small, the cell structure is nearly uniform, small and spherical, the closed cell rate is high, the thermal conductivity is low, the change rate of foam after forming is small, and the foam curing speed is fast, which can shorten the demoulding time during refrigerator production and improve production efficiency. the key to improve the fluidity and curing speed of foam used in refrigerators with hcfc-1l4b as foaming agent is to select an appropriate amine catalytic system. different catalytic systems play different roles.

(l) the early onset catalytic system promotes the nucleation of foam when it starts, and is conducive to improving the thermal conductivity and dimensional stability.

(2) the delayed catalytic system can delay the fiber time, so that the foam can fill the cavity calmly with good fluidity. the density gradient of products in various parts of the mold is small and evenly distributed, which is conducive to the bonding of foam body and cavity wall.

(3) the promotion of post curing catalytic system can shorten the interval from fiber time to post curing time of foam, and can demould as soon as possible, which is conducive to improving the strength and dimensional stability of foam system.

(4) the combination system with early onset characteristics, superior foam fluidity and strong post curing speed can be obtained by selecting appropriate catalytic system.

the so-called pharmaceutical intermediates are actually some chemical raw materials or chemical products used in the pharmaceutical synthesis process. this chemical product can be produced in ordinary chemical plants without a drug production license. as long as it reaches some levels, it can be used for drug synthesis.

chinese name: pharmaceutical intermediate

explanation: some chemicals used in drug synthesis

objective: synthesis of drugs

features: low profit margin of production intermediates

representative: fluoropyridines, etc

field: medicine

catalogue

1 introduction

summary

inreased demand

2 pharmaceutical machinery exhibition

fluoropyridine

large gap

3 features

overview

characteristic

4 relevant introduction

hot spot of fluoropyridine intermediates

large gap of p-aminophenol

5 analysis of industry status

track from medicine to medicine

basic conditions are still restricting development

the continuity of regular technological development determines the number of enterprises

brief introduction

summary

china needs more than 2000 kinds of raw materials and intermediates supporting chemical industry every year, and the demand is more than 2.5 million tons. after more than 30 years of development, the chemical raw materials and intermediates required for pharmaceutical production in china can be basically matched, and only a small part needs to be imported. moreover, due to china’s rich resources and low prices of raw materials, many intermediates have been exported in large quantities. so, what are the development opportunities in the field of pharmaceutical intermediates in china?

increased demand

our country β－ after nearly 50 years of development, lactam antibiotics have formed a complete production system. almost all β－ all lactam antibiotics (except those within the patent period) can be produced in china, and the cost is very low. penicillin production ranks first in the world, and a large number of them are exported to the international market; cephalosporins are basically self-sufficient, and some of them can be exported.

2012, and β－ all the supporting intermediates of lactam antibiotics can be produced by china itself. except that the mother nuclei of semi synthetic antibiotics, 7-aca and 7-adca, need to be partly imported, all the side chain intermediates can be produced and exported in large quantities.

with β－ as an example, phenylacetic acid, the main supporting intermediate of lactam antibiotics, has nearly 30 phenylacetic acid manufacturers in china, with a total annual production capacity of about 20000 tons. however, most enterprises are small in scale, with the annual output of 2000 tons for large ones and hundreds of tons for others. in 2003, the total domestic demand for phenylacetic acid was about 14000 tons, and the consumption structure was: penicillin g accounted for 85%, other medicines accounted for 4%, spices accounted for 7%, and pesticides and other fields accounted for 4%.

with the development of domestic spice, medicine, pesticide and other industries, the demand for phenylacetic acid will further increase. it is estimated that by 2005, the pharmaceutical industry in china will consume about 14000 tons of phenylacetic acid, the pesticide industry will consume 500 tons, and the spice industry will consume about 2000 tons. in addition to the consumption in other fields, the total domestic demand for phenylacetic acid is expected to reach 18000 tons in 2005.

fluoropyridine

ho spot of fluoropyridine intermediates

as of 2012, the quinolone antibiotics developed and put into mass production in china mainly include norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, enoxacin, lomefloxacin, fleroxacin, etc. the production of norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin is large, accounting for 98% of the total production of fluoroquinolones in china.

quinolones are generally synthesized from fluorobenzene ring to fluoroquinoline compound and then condensed with piperazine (or methylpiperazine). as china is rich in fluorite reserves, it is one of the countries with large output of fluorinated drugs and intermediates in the world, and more than 80% of fluorinated intermediates are supplied for export. on the whole, fluorobenzene intermediates developed earlier in china, and the production capacity was generally surplus; the development of trifluorotoluene intermediates is late and fast; for heterocyclic aromatic compounds, especially fluoropyridines, only a few research units and manufacturers in china have the synthesis technology of fluoropyridine intermediates. therefore, fluoropyridine intermediates will become one of the main research directions of domestic fluoropyridine intermediates in the next few years.

large gap

china has become the world’s largest producer of antipyretic and analgesic drugs, with the output of aspirin, paracetamol, analgin and other varieties exceeding 10000 tons, and that of phenacetin, aminopyrine, antipyrine and other varieties exceeding 1000 tons. at present, the output of antipyretic and analgesic drugs in china is growing rapidly, and it is expected that it will increase by about 8% in the future. the production of intermediates for antipyretic and analgesic drugs is large and there are many manufacturers. with the increase of antipyretic and analgesic drugs, the intermedia have also obtained considerable development.

in 2003, the domestic consumption of paracetamol increased rapidly, and the export also showed a rapid growth momentum. the export volume was 28163 tons, and the annual export volume increased by about twice year-on-year. in the first half of 2004, although its export growth slowed n, it still increased. from january to may 2004, the export volume of paracetamol was 12501 tons, slightly higher than the same period last year. para aminophenol is an important intermediate in the synthesis of paracetamol, which is growing rapidly. the annual output of paracetamol in china is 32000 tons. it is estimated that by 2005, the domestic output of paracetamol will reach more than 50000 tons. the pharmaceutical industry will consume 45000 tons of paracetamol. in addition to its application in other fields, the total demand for paracetamol in 2005 will be about 50000 tons, with a large market gap and broad prospects for development and utilization.

characteristic

overview

looking at the whole industry, there are six characteristics in the production of pharmaceutical intermediates in china:

characteristic

first, most of the production enterprises are private enterprises with flexible operation and small investment scale, basically between millions and 120 million yuan; second, the geographical distribution of production enterprises is relatively concentrated, mainly in taizhou, zhejiang province and jintan, jiangsu province as the center; third, with the increasing attention paid by the state to environmental protection issues, the pressure on production enterprises to build environmental protection treatment facilities has increased; fourth, the product updates are fast. after a product is generally marketed for 3-5 years, its profit margin drops significantly, which forces enterprises to constantly develop new products or improve production processes to maintain high production profits; fifthly, because the production profit of pharmaceutical intermediates is higher than that of chemical products, and the production processes of the two are basically the same, more and more small chemical enterprises have joined in the production of pharmaceutical intermediates, leading to increasingly fierce disorderly competition in the industry; sixth, compared with apis, the profit margin of intermediates is low, and the production process of apis and pharmaceutical intermediates is similar. therefore, some enterprises have not only produced intermediates, but also started to produce apis using their own advantages.

related introduction

hotspot of fluoropyridine intermediates

at present, the quinolone antibiotics developed and put into mass production in china mainly include norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, enoxacin, lomefloxacin, fleroxacin, etc. the production of norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin is large, accounting for 98% of the total production of fluoroquinolones in china.

quinolones are generally synthesized from fluorobenzene ring to fluoroquinoline compound and then condensed with piperazine (or methylpiperazine). as china is rich in fluorite reserves, it is one of the countries with large output of fluorinated drugs and intermediates in the world, and more than 80% of fluorinated intermediates are supplied for export. on the whole, fluorobenzene intermediates developed earlier in china, and the current production capacity is generally surplus; the development of trifluoromethylene intermediates is late, and the development speed is fast in recent years; however, for heterocyclic aromatic compounds, especially fluoropyridines, only a few research units and manufacturers in china currently have the synthesis technology of fluoropyridine intermediates. therefore, fluoropyridine intermediates will become one of the main research directions of domestic fluoropyridine intermediates in the next few years.

large gap of p-aminophenol

china has become the world’s largest producer of antipyretic and analgesic drugs, with the output of aspirin, paracetamol, analgin and other varieties exceeding 10000 tons, and that of phenacetin, aminopyrine, antipyrine and other varieties exceeding 1000 tons. at present, the output of antipyretic and analgesic drugs in china is growing rapidly, and it is expected that it will increase by about 8% in the future. the production of intermediates for antipyretic and analgesic drugs is large and there are many manufacturers. with the increase of antipyretic and analgesic drugs, the intermedia have also obtained considerable development.

in 2003, the domestic consumption of paracetamol increased rapidly, and the export also showed a rapid growth momentum. the export volume was 28163 tons, and the annual export volume increased by about twice year-on-year. in the first half of 2004, although its export growth slowed n, it still increased. from january to may 2004, the export volume of paracetamol was 12501 tons, slightly higher than the same period last year. para aminophenol is an important intermediate for the synthesis of paracetamol, which has also grown rapidly in recent years. at present, the annual output of paracetamol in china is about 32,000 tons. it is estimated that by 2005, the domestic output of paracetamol will reach more than 50,000 tons, and the pharmaceutical industry will consume 45,000 tons of paracetamol. with the application in other fields, the total demand for paracetamol in 2005 will be about 50,000 tons. the market gap is large, and the development and utilization prospects are broad.

industry status analysis

after the brilliant pharmaceutical intermediate industry in the late 1990s, the competition between enterprises has basically entered a mature stage, which has reached a point of intense competition. the one who can stick to it is the survivor. at the same time, new investors are constantly attracted by various legends and other factors dream of entering the industry. however, with the rise of the country’s requirements for gmp certification of pharmaceutical enterprises and various overseas certifications, the investment scale of the pharmaceutical industry has risen exponentially. how to make the limited capital and energy generate large economic and social benefits has become the goal pursued by every pharmaceutical intermediate investor

track from medicine to medicine

the impact of the process of economic globalization on china’s economy is nothing more profound than its idea that each production enterprise does not need to be big, but should concentrate its capital and energy on the industry and field in which it is good. other supporting materials and conditions can be completed through social cooperation. through the formation of a product chain, both parties can achieve win-win results. under the influence of this idea, the pharmaceutical industry will process some primary products, such as solvent recovery, etc after being transferred to cooperative enterprises, they gradually transferred some polluting and dangerous products to chemical plants for production, such as phenylacetic acid chloroacetic acid for penicillin production. since the 1970s and 1980s, there have been a large number of small township enterprises and individual enterprises supporting the production of phenylacetic acid and chloroacetic acid for north china pharmaceutical

with the deepening of cooperation between the two sides, pharmaceutical enterprises gradually transfer some products with higher added value and greater technical difficulties to chemical plants for production, such as the ae active ester of aminothiaxime acid used in the production of cephalosporin antibiotics triazine cyclotetrazolium acetate p-hydroxyphenylglycine (dunk potassium salt) ho epcp and other products have enabled the branch industry to develop rapidly in the 1990s, and a number of pharmaceutical intermediate enterprises with an output value of tens of millions to billions of yuan, such as zhejiang yongning pharmaceutical factory, fushun meiqiang pharmaceutical factory, zhejiang hengdian debang group, shandong ruiying group, shandong jincheng chemical factory and many other enterprises. at present, the industry has developed into a closer cooperation stage with pharmaceutical enterprises, and the manufacturers of pharmaceutical intermediates directly synthesize apis (with mushroom powder) and the products are sold to pharmaceutical enterprises in the form of chemical products for refining and then sold as drugs. the pharmaceutical intermediate industry can further extend the product chain, increase the profits of products and improve the stability of sales. pharmaceutical enterprises reduce investment and put limited funds and efforts on aseptic packaging that they are good at. because the pharmaceutical intermediate industry cannot compete with pharmaceutical enterprises for the market without the production license of pharmaceutical products the cooperation between the two sides has certain complementary conditions. the basic conditions are still restricting the development

at present, domestic manufacturers of cephalosporin antibiotic mother core 7-aca, including shi yaofu kanglu kangkang, have completely reversed the situation that foreign 7-aca occupied the domestic market. foreign manufacturers have withdrawn from the domestic market, causing the current domestic supply of 7-aca to be very tight while the domestic consumption market of cephalosporin antibiotics to be mature. therefore, this situation has led to a tense situation that the domestic supply of cephalosporin antibiotic intermediates is in short supply it caused a new round of investment climax. however, due to various reasons analyzed above, it is difficult for newly launched enterprises to compete with established enterprises. although some established enterprises have stopped the production of one or several varieties at present, it is easy to resume production. therefore, although there is a large development space in the domestic cephalosporin antibiotic pharmaceutical intermediate market, it has considerable risks for new investors the growing popularity of the biotic market has led to the low price of penicillin antibiotics. therefore, it is also a good investment route to transform penicillin to synthesize new antibiotics, such as mezlocillin, aloxicillin, piperacillin, etc. because of their good efficacy and low price, they have a very good development prospect. at the same time, the transformation of penicillin into the mother nucleus of cephalosporins, such as 7-adcagclegeo, is also a product investment with good market prospects the product can avoid direct conflicts with mature and powerful competitors, and can play a surprise role

rubber sole

the rubber sole refers to the sole made of rubber. the rubber sole materials can be roughly divided into natural rubber or synthetic rubber. the advantage of natural rubber is that it is very soft and elastic, which can adapt to various sports and play the role of shock absorption. but the disadvantage is also very obvious, that is, it is not wear-resistant. indoor sports shoes use natural rubber.

chinese name: rubber sole

material: rubber

nature: sole

classification: natural rubber or synthetic rubber

catalogue

1 synthetic rubber

2 detailed introduction

(1) abrasion resistant rubber

(2) environmentally friendly rubber

(3) air rubber

(4) viscous rubber

(5) ebonite

(6) carbon rubber

synthetic rubber

synthetic rubber is divided into wear-resistant rubber, environment-friendly rubber, air rubber, viscous rubber, hard rubber and carbon rubber.

detailed introduction

(1) abrasion resistant rubber

the abrasion resistance and toughness of wear-resistant rubber are very good, so it is very durable. this rubber material is generally used on the outsole of tennis shoes.

(2) environmentally friendly rubber

also known as recycled rubber, this rubber outsole contains more than 10% recycled rubber, mainly for environmental protection.

(3) air rubber

the rubber contains air and has a certain shock absorption function, but it is not very wear-resistant and has not been widely used.

(4) viscous rubber

viscous rubber is characterized by good flexibility, and very anti-skid, generally used in indoor sports shoes.

(5) ebonite

hard rubber is the comprehensive rubber in the rubber material of the outsole. it is tough, anti-skid and wear-resistant, so it is naturally used widely. multifunctional shoes and basketball shoes mostly use this kind of rubber to make the outsole.

(6) carbon rubber

carbon element is added to ordinary rubber materials to make rubber more durable and wear-resistant. most running shoes use this kind of rubber, and brs letters are left on the back of the sole of running shoes to indicate that carbon rubber is used on the outsole.

paint additives, also known as paint accessories, are auxiliary materials for preparing coatings, which can improve the performance of coatings and promote the formation of coatings. there are many kinds, including drying agent, toughening agent, emulsifier, thickener, pigment dispersant, defoamer, leveling agent, anti skinning agent, matting agent, light stabilizer, mildew inhibitor, antistatic agent (see plastic additives), among which drying agent and toughening agent are used in large amount. at present, the research of paint additives focuses on the additives used in water emulsion paint.

chinese name: paint additives

foreign name: paintadditives

also called: paint accessories

used for: auxiliary agent of water emulsion paint

catalogue

1 introduction

2 categories

3 detailed introduction

desiccant

toughening agent

thickening agent

pigment dispersant

brief introduction

paint additives refer to those ingredients added in a small amount to the paint formula, which can control or enhance the performance of the paint. there are about 40 types of coating additives with different functions (emulsifier, dispersant, defoamer, thickener, anti shrinkage agent, drying accelerator, bactericide, etc.), as well as additives with different chemical compositions. generally, the formulation of coatings will contain a variety of additives. generally, the total amount of additives used is less than 5% of the total formulation, but in some cases it may be as high as 10% or more. due to the relatively high value of additives, the amount of additives used will be reduced as much as possible during formula design.

type

after years of development, there are many kinds of coating additives, which have played different roles in various stages of coating production. the manufacturing stage includes initiator, dispersant and transesterification catalyst; the reaction process includes: defoamer, emulsifier, filter auxiliary, etc; the storage stage includes anti skinning agent, anti precipitation agent, thickener, thixotropic agent, anti floating color and anti gelling agent, etc; the construction stage includes: leveling agent, anti shrinkage agent, anti sagging agent, hammering agent, flow control agent, plasticizer, defoamer, etc; the film forming stage includes: coalescence aids, adhesion promoters (also called adhesion promoters), photoinitiators, light stabilizers, driers, brighteners, skidders, matting, curing, crosslinking, catalysis and other aids; the special functions are: flame retardant, biocide, alga resistant, antistatic, conductive, corrosion inhibition, rust prevention and other additives.

generally speaking, it includes adhesion promoter, anti adhesion agent, anti shrinkage agent, anti blooming agent, anti floating agent, defoamer, anti foaming agent, anti gelling agent, viscosity stabilizer, antioxidant, anti skinning agent, anti sagging agent, anti precipitation agent, anti-static agent, conductive control agent, mildew inhibitor, preservative, coalescence additive, corrosion inhibitor, rust inhibitor, dispersant, wetting agent, desiccant, flame retardant, flow control agent, hammering agent, drying agent, matting agent, light stabilizer, photosensitizer, optical brightener, plasticizer, slippery agent, anti scratch agent, thickener, thixotropic agent, anti rat bite agent, and other additives.

in addition to the main film-forming materials, pigments, fillers and solvents, a component added to the coating can significantly improve a specific performance of the coating or film. the dosage in paint formulation is very small. mainly a variety of inorganic and organic compounds, including polymer.

most of them are named according to their action characteristics. wetting agent, dispersant, emulsifier, defoamer, etc. can improve the coating production process. anti settling agent, anti skinning agent, preservative, freeze-thaw stabilizer, etc. can improve the storage performance and transportation of coatings. anti sagging agent, leveling agent, anti floating color and anti blooming agent, defoamer, thickener, etc. are used to improve paint application performance and prevent paint film from being ill conditioned. uv absorbers, light stabilizers, flame retardants, antistatic agents, mildew inhibitors, etc. can improve the performance of the film and provide special properties.

paint additives can also be divided into oily paint additives and water-based paint additives. the development of water-based paint additives has made a leap in line with the increasing attention to environmental protection in the world. there are more and more new environment-friendly additives. the application is more and more extensive. it is the mainstream of the development of coating additives in the future.

detailed introduction

desiccant

a kind of substances that can accelerate the drying of the coating film, and promote the absorption of oxygen and the polymerization of double bonds of the dry oil film. the utility model can shorten the drying time of the oil film from several days to several hours, which is convenient for construction and can prevent the contamination and damage of the wet coating film.

the oxides, salts and soaps of many metals have a drying effect, but the ones with practical value are lead oxide (red lead, yellow lead), manganese dioxide, lead acetate, lead nitrate, manganese sulfate, manganese chloride, manganese borate, manganese acetate, cobalt acetate, cobalt chloride, naphthenic acid soaps of lead, cobalt and manganese, linolenic acid soaps and rosin acid soaps.

soap driers have good oil solubility, so they have high drying effect. naphthenic acid soaps are commonly used as driers in modern paint industry. naphthenic acid soaps are usually produced by double decomposition.

the amount of drier in the oily paint depends on the amount of dry oil or semi dry oil. take dry linseed oil as an example, the amount of lead drier (calculated by lead) is 0.4~0.5% of the oil quality; the drying ability of cobalt and manganese is stronger than that of lead, and the ratio of cobalt, manganese and lead is about 8:1:40. two or three metal soaps have synergistic effect when used together. in resin coatings, the amount of drier must be increased.

toughening agent

that is, plasticizer (see plastic additives). the varieties commonly used in the coating industry include diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, tributyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, trimethyl phenyl phosphate and some special varieties.

thickening agent

a substance that can increase the viscosity of a coating and reduce its fluidity. the important purpose of using thickener is to reduce the flowing phenomenon during finishing. thickeners for coatings mainly include the following categories: ① white carbon black; ② bentonite and organic bentonite (bentonite treated with cationic organics); ③ activated calcium carbonate particles with surface treatment; ④ hydrogenated castor oil; ⑤ metal soaps, such as calcium stearate, aluminum stearate, zinc stearate, etc; ⑥ the ester of polymerized vegetable oil, fatty acid dimer and polyol.

pigment dispersant

used to prevent pigment from settling or floating. bentonite, organic bentonite, metal soap, hydrogenated castor oil and other thickeners can act as pigment dispersants. various surfactants, low molecular weight polyethylene oxide (polyoxirane), low viscosity methyl silicone oil, lecithin and its derivatives are also commonly used.

leveling agent

a substance that helps to form a smooth finish. the materials that can reduce the surface tension of coatings generally have the effect of leveling agent. there are many series of leveling agents used in industry, such as fluorine-containing surfactant, polyacrylate and polyvinyl butyral. generally, organosilicon leveling agent is used to control short wave leveling and reduce surface tension obviously; acrylates are used to control long wave leveling and reduce surface tension slightly.

anti skinning agent

substances that can prevent oily coatings from skinning in use, such as methyl ethyl ketone oxime and cyclohexanone oxime.

maintenance management
1. after the completion of the laying of the plastic runway, it is necessary to take care of it for 7-10 days before it can be used.
2. the plastic runway is suitable for all-weather operation with certain drainage equipment. the plastic track is not suitable for other purposes, as it is used for sports practice, competition, students’ static and fitness training;
3. prevent the purification of hazardous materials, always keep them clean, and prevent violent mechanical impact and friction. no vehicles are allowed to run on the runway, and heavy objects and sharp objects are piled up (except for standard running shoes). special nail shoes must be worn for sports. the length of nails shall not exceed 7mm individually, and the length of jump shoes shall not exceed 11mm individually. if the nail shoelace has a long nail, it is not allowed to use it on the plastic runway;
4. prevent temporary load;
5. prevent smoking and fire, isolate heat source, and prevent contact with organic solvents, chemicals, cigarette butts and other kindling, purification materials, etc.
6. spray water frequently for cleaning. after cleaning, a large amount of residual water on the adhesive surface can be removed with a dry cloth. oil stain can be cleaned with 10% ammonia water or detergent and detergent.
main components
the main components of the plastic runway are acrylic acid and high-quality resin. its material is similar to the convenient bag for food, meeting the requirements of environment-friendly surface materials. the raw materials of the plastic track have been certified by the national plastic industry association, which is non-toxic and harmless to the environment and human body. it has the characteristics of anti ultraviolet light, anti abrasion, anti burst, anti-aging, long service life, easy maintenance, low maintenance cost, etc.
scope of application
it is used for kindergartens at all levels and in various schools, professional stadiums, track and field runways, semicircles and auxiliary facilities

plastic track
plastic track
assisted area, national fitness path, indoor gym training track, playground road pavement, indoor and outdoor track, tennis, basketball, volleyball, badminton, handball and other venues, parks, residential areas and other activity venues.
main classification
generally speaking, the runways usually refer to the runways in various schools and professional stadiums at all levels
there are two kinds of track and field runways: standard track and non-standard track. the standard track refers to the one with a perimeter of 400 meters and a radius of 36.5 meters (there are also 36 meters and 37.898 meters). the non-standard track refers to the one with a perimeter of 200 meters and 300 meters that can be adjusted appropriately according to the shape and size of the playground land area.
the plastic runway can be divided into:
prefabricated plastic runway all plastic runway mixed plastic runway composite plastic runway breathable plastic runway epdm plastic runway
prefabricated plastic track and full plastic track are common types of professional track and field sports ground because of their incomparable excellent performance, but their high prices are unbearable for ordinary universities, middle schools and primary schools;
the performance of hybrid plastic runway and composite plastic runway is between full plastic and breathable ones, and the price is slightly lower than that of plastic runway such as full plastic runway, but it is also much higher than that of breathable one, requiring higher foundation;
the performance of the breathable plastic runway can completely meet the requirements of gb/14833-93, and it is breathable
permeable, short construction period, easy maintenance and renovation, cost-effective, and also the first choice for universities, middle schools and primary schools;
epdm plastic track is mainly used for non-standard track in primary schools or kindergartens.
full plastic plastic runway
product features:
the main material is two-component polyurethane, the base layer is natural rubber and artificial rubber, and the mixture of mineral filler, stabilizer and pigment is formed in a whole by adding sulfur at 280-300 ℃. the combination of sports science and material science can fully meet and reflect the professional requirements of athletes’ participants on the track.
solventless plastic runway
process description of solvent-free plastic runway:
solventless plastic track is an environment-friendly plastic track made of non-toxic sports surface materials, which belongs to diphenylmethane diisocyanate (mdi) system. mdi synthetic surface material is a solvent-free, odorless and pollution-free waterborne polyurethane runway material. it is an environment-friendly sports pavement material that eliminates toxic tdi system polyurethane runway materials. it has advanced performance, high-tech content, safety, renewable, suitable for use under various conditions, and is less harmful to human health. its specific characteristics are as follows:
1: it does not contain tdi, toxic volatile solvents such as benzene, toluene, xylene, plasticizers, harmful additives such as heavy metals, and any volatile smell. it is friendly to human body and the environment and fully complies with environmental requirements;
2: convenient construction, strong adhesion, high paving efficiency, fast curing speed, adapt to different construction requirements such as spraying or mechanical paving, and the paving process has no odor, which will not affect the normal teaching activities of the school and the normal life of the surrounding residents;
3: after being put into use, there shall be no peculiar smell, no harmful substances discharged, and the pollution to the environment shall be reduced.
prefabricated type
precast runway pavement process description:
safe, environmentally friendly, excellent weather resistance, economical
durable, multi color effect. the installation is convenient. with a small amount of manpower and machinery, the runway coiled material can be paved on a dense foundation by using the special adhesive provided by us. the runway can be put into normal use 24 hours after it is completely installed. and it is maintenance free.
mixed type
description of mixed runway pavement process:
the construction process of plastic runway pavement is a three-step construction method. first, add an appropriate amount of rubber particles into the glue solution, and pave the primer with a thickness of 8mm. after it is cured, pave the glue solution with a thickness of 2mm on it. manually evenly sprinkle red particles, recover the excess glue particles, and then spray a layer of glue solution on it.
process diagram:
site cleaning → primer batching → mixing → paving → defoaming → curing → surface glue batching → mixing and mixing → paving → defoaming → particle scattering → rubber particle recycling → glue rolling → measuring and marking → testing point line → completion
2. description of laying process:
⑴ first check the flatness of the foundation layer and level the concave and convex parts (such as the cement concrete foundation needs pickling).
(2) laying of primer:
clean the foundation before laying the primer, and prepare the tools for construction.
a) the position of the construction line shall be measured according to the process requirements, and the construction line shall be set out.
b) the laying shall start from one side of the site, and the glue shall be scraped once according to the width of the site.
c) the speed of glue scraping shall be even, and the exposed bottom, depression and bulge shall be repaired or leveled in time.
d) after the glue is formed, the whole site shall be inspected to ensure the thickness of the surface glue.
(3) paving of surface glue:
a) the interval time between each bucket of glue liquid shall be shortened as far as possible during glue scraping to make the glue forming speed uniform.
b) observe the thickness of the adhesive surface at all times.
c) scrape the surface glue, sprinkle red particles before the surface glue is cured, and clean up the excess surface glue particles after it is completely cured.
breathable type

product characteristics:
1. meet national standards. mechanical paving and spraying, with excellent flatness and no threshing.
2. porous, water permeable, breathable, excellent elasticity, no blistering.
3. it can be used in all weather, with strong wear resistance, good weather resistance, strong compression resistance, good impact resistance, and durability.
4. price economy.
construction steps:
1. the site is clean, the concrete is coated with primer, and the asphalt surface is scraped
2. mechanical laying of 11mm thick bottom layer, one component adhesive+rubber particles
3. mechanical spraying of 1.5mm thick surface layer, one component adhesive+epdm particles, and then spraying in the opposite direction.
4. runway survey, setting out and marking.
5. site cleaning and demobilization.
construction technical indicators:
specific gravity marked value ± 0.10
hardness (hs) 45 ～ 65
tensile strength (kgf/c ㎡ (mpa) above 25 (2.45)
tear strength (kgf/cm (n/mm) above 10 (98)
elongation above% 250
compression permanent deformation rate above% 35
abrasion resistance below 2.5
hardness (hs) change of original hardness value ± 5
composite
the combination of mixed surface layer and breathable bottom layer can not only shorten the construction period, but also reduce the cost without degranulation.
picture of compound runway
picture of compound runway
self knotting
first layer: polyurethane mixture plus black rubber particles.
the second intermediate layer: self textured slurry cleaning, paving and forming a closed cell micro bubble interlayer. its elasticity, hardness and friction can not only slow n the impact of the impact force on each joint of the human leg when the foot touches the ground, but also enable the human body to obtain the kinetic energy of moving forward continuously. it meets the requirements of 35%~50% of the new standard of shock absorption rate issued by iaaf.
picture of self textured runway
picture of self textured runway
three surface layer: self textured paste, which is pure glue (paste) mixed with carborundum powder and variable promoter, sprayed on by professional machine. after several hours of reaction, it naturally forms pure polyurethane glue and anti-skid surface layer. this process can not only overcome the self leveling characteristics of polyurethane materials, but also retain the weather resistance and aging resistance of polyurethane materials, and overcome the common problem of polyurethane runways that are easy to drop particles. wear resistant, uniform surface particles, uniform stress, clear and full scribing, neat and beautiful, environmentally friendly products.
main materials
two component polyurethane slurry – mainly used for
plastic track
plastic track
full plastic runway, mixed plastic runway, composite plastic runway
one component polyurethane glue – mainly used for composite plastic runway, breathable plastic runway and epdm plastic runway
pu particles, epdm particles, black waste tire particles, etc
maintenance knowledge
the plastic runway is beautiful and durable. if it can be maintained regularly, its service life will be greatly extended. pay attention to the following points in daily use and maintenance:
after the plastic runway is paved, it needs to be maintained for 7-10 days before it can be used.
with certain drainage facilities, the plastic track is suitable for all-weather use. the plastic track is used for athlete training, competition, student sports and fitness exercises, not for other purposes;
the rubber runway shall avoid the pollution of harmful substances and severe mechanical impact and friction. no vehicles, heaps of heavy objects and sharp objects are allowed on the runway. athletes must wear special sports shoes or sneakers. jumpers shall not exceed 12mm. if the sneakers have long nails, the length of the sneakers’ nails shall not exceed 9mm.
special attention shall be paid to the protection of the edge of the plastic runway. in case of any damage or blistering of the road teeth, the contractor shall be notified to repair them in time to avoid more serious damage.
keep the plastic runway clean and wash it with water spray frequently. after washing, a small amount of residual water on the adhesive surface can be wiped off with a dry cloth. if the plastic runway is stained with oil, it can be cleaned with 10% ammonia or detergent, washing powder, etc.
during the construction of polyurethane plastic materials, it is not allowed to encounter a drop of water before the initial curing of the glue, which will produce a large bubble. therefore, the construction personnel should prepare towels to wipe sweat when working under high temperature conditions. when paving the adhesive surface, the weather conditions must be known and emergency measures to prevent sudden showers must be taken. the glue laying time should avoid the morning when the atmosphere and the ground humidity are high. even on a sunny normal working day, it is generally better to formally lay the plastic runway after 9:00 a.m.
the actual paving thickness of the glue surface refers to the center of the glue particles from the bottom to the surface, which is generally controlled from two aspects. first, pre check the thickness and size through formwork erection, and trim or hammer the local part of the base course higher to lower it. if the height is not much higher, the flat scraper can be used to add fixtures to scrape slurry to ensure the thickness. in order to ensure the thickness of the main area of the plastic track in the northern suburbs of the 11th asian games, the error control is positive, so the average thickness is more than 14mm.
to prevent local blistering and shelling after the pavement of the adhesive surface, the compactness of the base course shall be strictly controlled to prevent the asphalt foundation layer from being embedded and not compacted, shelling and shelling, resulting in poor adhesion, surface gasification and tensile fracture of the adhesive surface. where the compactness of the base course is not enough, the method of drilling with a drill and grouting with glue (rubber nails) can be used for reinforcement.
in order to ensure the flatness and gradient, after the mold strip is nailed, use a level to simulate the correction. the individual high places of the base course shall be leveled first, and the individual low places shall be filled with glue.
the foundation parts polluted and corroded by diesel oil shall be dug out and filled with glue.
standard query
chen lei, deputy secretary general of the field management center of the national athletics association, said in an interview: “there is no scientific basis for the 0.7% standard. it was proposed that china had tested according to the international testing standards in 1995, and all the indicators of the testing results met the international standards, but the testing machines were different, so it is difficult to say that the testing results are scientific.”
chen lei said: “at present, the acceptance of plastic runways in china is mainly about the detection of their physical indicators, while the chemical indicators of environmental protection have not been available. in the long run, it is scientific to introduce international testing standards. although some enterprises with low qualifications will not be able to enter this’ threshold ‘, only in this way can we prevent some potentially harmful plastic runways from muddling through.”
wang zheguang, a teacher at china youth political college, opposes the statement that “as long as the indoor decoration standard is not greater than or equal to 0.7%, the plastic field will not cause any harm to the human body”. for general coatings such as paint, there is an international standard of no more than or equal to 0.5%. he wrote in the article “environmental protection problems neglected in the” green olympics “beijing atmospheric environment treatment measures — environmental protection hazards and countermeasures of laying tdi polyurethane runways in large areas in schools”, “at present, tdi polyurethane plastic runway is widely laid. its raw materials contain a variety of toxic and harmful chemicals, which will release toxic gases at temperatures above 20 degrees celsius or under ultraviolet radiation. if some people do not have professional knowledge to lay it, or the reaction of toxic substances in the laying process is incomplete, this plastic runway will become a ‘poison gas tank’.”
relevant laws
article of the general provisions these measures are formulated in accordance with the sports law of the people’s republic of china and other relevant laws and regulations and in the light of the actual conditions of the province in order to strengthen the construction and management of sports facilities, develop sports undertakings, enhance the people’s physique, improve the level of sports, and promote the construction of socialist material and spiritual civilization.
article 2 the sports facilities referred to in these measures refer to the sports venues, buildings and supporting equipment built according to the standards set by the state for sports training, competitions and fitness activities, including:
（1） public sports facilities invested or financed by the state and open to the public; （2） sports facilities for internal use by state organs, social organizations, enterprises and institutions; （3） all kinds of commercial sports facilities.
article 3 these measures shall apply to the planning, construction, use and management of sports facilities within the administrative areas of this province.
article 4 the planning and construction of sports facilities shall follow the principles of overall arrangement, rational layout, standardization and practicality, and convenience for the masses.
article 5 the people’s governments at or above the county level shall strengthen their leadership over the planning, construction, use and management of sports facilities, incorporate the construction of public sports facilities into their national economic and social development plans, and organize their implementation.
article 6 the administrative departments for physical culture and sports of the people’s governments at or above the county level or the institutions authorized by the people’s governments at the same level (hereinafter collectively referred to as the administrative departments for physical culture and sports at or above the county level) shall be responsible for supervising, inspecting and guiding the construction and management of sports facilities within their respective administrative areas.
other relevant departments of the people’s governments at or above the county level shall, within the scope of their respective duties, do a good job in the construction and management of sports facilities.
article 7 the people’s governments at or above the county level shall commend and reward the organizations and individuals that have made contributions to the construction and management of sports facilities.
chapter ii planning and construction article 8 the people’s governments at or above the county level shall incorporate the construction of urban public sports facilities into the overall urban planning and the overall land use planning in accordance with the provisions of the state on the quota of land for urban public sports facilities.
the newly built, reconstructed and expanded urban residential areas shall reserve land for public sports facilities in accordance with national regulations.
the construction of public sports facilities in villages and towns should be included in the township construction plan.
article 9 the people’s governments at or above the county level shall make overall arrangements for funds for the construction of public sports facilities, include the funds for sports capital construction in their own financial budgets and capital construction investment plans, and gradually increase their input with the development of the local national economy.
schools shall be equipped with sports facilities according to the standards prescribed by the administrative department of education under the state council. if sports facilities fail to meet the prescribed standards, measures shall be taken to gradually meet the prescribed standards. in cities and towns with dense schools, sports centers in primary and secondary schools should be gradually established.
state organs, social organizations, enterprises and institutions shall build sports facilities according to local conditions.
article 12 the area of public sports facilities in newly built, rebuilt and expanded urban residential areas shall meet the standards set by the state. the construction of public sports facilities in rural residential areas should conform to rural reality.
article 13 for the construction of new public sports facilities, the approval procedures shall be gone through according to the planning and construction project management procedures.
the alteration, expansion and removal of public sports facilities shall be subject to the consent of the property owner. we will strictly control the removal of public sports facilities located in central urban areas to remote areas. the reconstruction of public sports facilities shall not be allowed to reduce the scale, change the nature and use.
if it is really necessary to change the nature and use of public sports facilities, the local sports administrative departments at or above the county level must be consulted before going through the procedures for planning and construction approval, and the new sports facilities should be built in the first place for repayment in accordance with the principle of not being lower than the original sports facility standard and scale.
article 14 the newly built, rebuilt and expanded sports facilities shall conform to the provisions of the state on fire control, safety, health and environmental protection.
large and medium-sized public sports facilities should have barrier free facilities for the disabled.
article 15 the construction of sports facilities must strictly implement the relevant technical standards prescribed by the state. the construction of commercial sports facilities shall seek the opinions of the local construction and sports administrative departments. the sports administrative departments at or above the county level shall participate in the completion acceptance of sports facilities projects.
article 16 the administrative unit of public sports facilities shall establish and improve the management system of maintenance, use, safety and health, and assign full-time personnel for management. the sports facilities within the state organs, social organizations, enterprises and institutions shall have full-time or part-time managers, and a sound management system shall be established.
national standard
the compulsory national standard “synthetic material surface sports ground for primary and secondary schools” was organized by the ministry of education and drafted with the participation of dozens of scientific research institutes and testing institutions. after more than two years of revision, it was implemented on november 1, 2018. the new national standard refers to the relevant standards at home and abroad, specifically solves the outstanding problems of safety, environmental protection, sports protection, etc. in the construction of synthetic material surface sports ground, comprehensively considers the main risk points in each link of the whole life cycle of the synthetic material surface sports ground in primary and secondary schools, and puts forward various technical indicators that meet the requirements of green development, technological progress, industry specifications and student health protection.
compared with the relevant old national standards, the new national standards not only changed from “national recommended standards” to “national mandatory standards”, but also added many contents, including thickness requirements, physical properties, requirements for inorganic filler content, requirements for anti-skid rubber particle polymer content, limits for harmful substances in finished surface products, and limits for harmful substances in non solid and solid raw materials. the reporter of beiqing daily saw that the new national standard has stipulated the limit of 18 harmful substances that may be produced in the construction of plastic runway on campus, and the limit of volatile organic compounds in the completed runway has been set according to the home decoration standard. for example, the release amount of harmful substances in the “limit of harmful substances and odor requirements for finished products of cast in situ and prefabricated surfacing”, the total volatile organic compounds shall not be higher than 5 mg/m3, formaldehyde shall not be higher than 0.4 mg/m3, carbon disulfide shall not be higher than 7 mg/m3, benzene shall not be higher than 0.1 mg/m3, and the odor level shall not be higher than 3. the new national standard has also formulated in detail the sampling requirements, inspection rules, judgment rules and other issues of plastic runways in primary and secondary schools. in addition, the campus artificial lawn is also included in the national standard mandatory testing scope for the first time

seat type
car seats can be divided into separate seats and bench seats according to their shapes; it can be divided into fixed type, detachable type and adjustable type according to functions; it can be divided into single seat, double seat and multi seat seats according to the number of seats. according to the use performance of seats, it has developed from fixed seats to multi-function power adjustable seats, including air cushion seats, electric seats, stereo seats, spiritual recovery seats, and electronic adjustment seats. it can be divided into leather seats and flannelette seats according to the material. there are also seats for special use objects, such as children’s seats and racing seats.
leather seat
china’s automobile industry has developed rapidly in recent years, and will continue to develop steadily in the future. there is a large demand for seats, so the passenger car seat industry still has huge development space in the future.
two advantages
1. easy to clean. compared with fabric covered seats, dust can only fall on the leather seat surface, not deep into the seat. therefore, it can be cleaned by gently wiping with a cloth. for flannelette seats, you need to buy seat cushions. otherwise, once it is dirty, it may penetrate into the seat interior.
2. easier heat dissipation. although leather can also absorb heat, its heat dissipation performance is better.
two deficiencies
1. the surface is vulnerable. sharp objects are the bane of leather, so leather seats need more care.
2. it feels too slippery. car owners may wear seat belts or add cushions to deal with this problem. in fact, the general manufacturer has dealt with this problem by wrinkling the leather surface to increase the friction coefficient.
leather seats and flannelette seats
leather seats and flannelette seats

1、 cortex
cattle leather, also known as grade a leather, is a common material used in all car leather seats. its surface is delicate and soft, with almost no pores visible. its texture is strong and very flexible, so the seats processed are extremely beautiful.
buffalo leather is also known as grade b leather. compared with cattle leather, it has the advantages of being strong and wear-resistant, but its disadvantages are not soft enough, poor feel, poor toughness, rough surface, and clear pores. the processed seats have a slightly worse appearance than cattle leather.
in addition to the above two kinds of cortex, there is also a kind of c-grade skin on the market, that is, the two-layer skin of cattle and buffalo.
grade c leather is much different from grade a leather and grade b leather in terms of quality, beauty, price and service life. therefore, customers are not recommended to use leather processing seats below grade b.
under normal circumstances, the seats made of grade a leather and grade b leather can generally be used for more than 5 to 8 years. that is to say, in china, leather seats can basically remain intact even if the car is scrapped or renewed.
the advantage of grade c leather is that it is cheap, but its life is short. it is not advisable for customers to choose grade c leather.
whether it is good leather or secondary leather, the key is maintenance. if the daily maintenance is improper, the service life is less than 1 or 2 years. for this reason, it is recommended to maintain once a month and clean once three months, which can be used for life.
just as leather shoes should be maintained with shoe polish frequently, leather seats should be maintained with leather polish (an oily agent). a protective film can be added to the leather seats to make the leather look more oily, smooth and bright, and prevent the leather from drying and peeling. the car owner can ask the car beauty shop to do it, or he can do it himself.
2、 identifying true and false
look, good leather has smooth surface, fine texture, bright color and small pores.
touch, this is an effective way. good leather feels soft, smooth and elastic. if the leather surface has many grains, is hard or sticky, it is inferior.
although burnt synthetic leather is also leather, some gum chemicals will be added during the processing, and there will be some coke after burning, but the dermis will not.
wipe the leather back and forth for nine times with a damp fine gauze. if there is discoloration, it indicates that the quality is not up to standard.
pull: pull the leather with both hands to both sides. if there are seam marks or a light white background on the leather surface, it indicates that the elasticity and dyeing process of the leather are not up to standard.
3、 cleaning and curing
simple maintenance method for leather
1. the leather chair should be two feet away from the heat source as far as possible. if it is too close to the heat source, the leather will be cracked
2. do not expose to the sun for a long time to avoid fading of leather
3. clean and maintain frequently, and use a vacuum cleaner to remove dust and ashes once a week
4. do not use a hair dryer to dry the leather quickly after cleaning, and do it naturally.
maintenance method of leather seats
middle and high class cars are mostly leather seats, and many drivers add leather seats themselves to show comfort, luxury and nobility, and have a long service life. genuine leather is a natural thing, so you can’t treat it lightly when you take care of it. wipe dry with cotton towel after washing. daily maintenance, in addition to the well-known avoidance of sharp objects scratching the leather, but also pay attention to dust and sun protection. because the dust is all pervasive, it will absorb the natural oil in the leather, and then it will become a dry leather. the burning sun will make human skin aging, which is also applicable to leather seats. so for the maintenance of leather seats, the following should be done:
1. the leather chair of the car should be two feet away from the heat source as far as possible. if it is too close to the heat source, the leather will be cracked;
2. don’t expose yourself to the sun for a long time to avoid the leather fading. especially for those who drive open sports cars, don’t damage the leather for a while just for the sake of the wind.
3. clean and maintain frequently, and use a vacuum cleaner to remove dust every week;
4. after cleaning, do not use a hair dryer to dry the leather quickly. use cotton paper or soft towel to dry it to avoid scratching the leather. you can also dry it naturally in a cool and ventilated place.
5. do not use chemical cleaning agents. and use less of the so-called leather protectant, which will make the leather dependent. if you stop using the leather, it will be dull.
6. middle and high class cars are mostly leather seats, and chemical cleaning agents cannot be sprayed on casually. strong alkaline cleaning agents, such as soapy water, should be used. soak it in warm water with a clean soft towel, hit a proper amount of soap evenly on the towel, and then gently wipe the seat. after wiping the soap, ventilate and dry it, and then wipe it twice with a wet towel without soap after cleaning. this method also applies to plastic parts in door trim and instrument panel. the reason is that soap has strong decontamination, no irritation to human skin, and is more practical for leather goods. after cleaning, do not use a hair dryer to dry the leather quickly. use cotton paper or soft towel to dry it to avoid scratching the leather. you can also dry it naturally in a cool and ventilated place.
7. the great enemies of leather are scissors, hard objects and high temperature. at ordinary times, be careful of sharp objects tearing the dermis. in order to prolong the service life, avoid exposure to the sun and do not exceed 60 ℃. therefore, for cars equipped with leather seats, it is easy to stick the sunscreen film (anti ultraviolet and infrared radiation). when parking at ordinary times, try to choose a cool place to avoid the leather hardening, cracking and fading caused by long-term exposure to the sun.
flannelette seat

1、 advantages and disadvantages
advantage:
1. the surface is not easy to be damaged, and the service life is long. in case of knives, scissors, needles, etc., the leather will leave marks. in comparison, flannelette is less delicate. in addition, the cost of flannelette is far lower than that of genuine leather. of course, more importantly, leather is more prone to aging than flannel, and the service life of flannel seats is longer.
2. the seat is stable and skid resistant. the flannelette seat is more stable when sitting, and there is no feeling of slipping.
in addition, it has the characteristics of low price, light weight and good air permeability.
disadvantages:
1. it is easy to hide dirt and not easy to clean. the dust will go deep into the seat, so the cleaning work is heavy, so you need to buy a cushion for the flannel seat, otherwise once it is dirty, it may penetrate into the seat.
2. poor heat dissipation. the seats of a vehicle that is scorched by the sun at noon in summer must be very hot. but if it is a leather seat, you can beat it with your hands to dissipate the heat, or you won’t feel so hot after sitting on it for a while. the flannelette seat does not have such good heat dissipation.
flannelette seat
flannelette seat
om.jpg
2、 cleaning and curing
the seats made of fabric are relatively simple to handle. when the woven seat is not very dirty, you can use a long hair brush and a strong suction vacuum cleaner to brush the seat surface while using the suction port of the vacuum cleaner to suck out the dirt. for particularly dirty seats, the following steps should be taken during cleaning: first, clean the dirty parts with a hair brush, then use a clean rag dipped in a small amount of neutral detergent, fully wipe the seat surface under the condition of half dry and half wet, and then use a vacuum cleaner to clean the seats again and remove excess moisture.
use a vacuum cleaner to remove dust and debris. if the dust condenses on the flannel cloth or is difficult to remove with the vacuum cleaner, first brush it with a soft brush and then use the vacuum cleaner to absorb it.
wipe the fiber surface with a dry cloth, and then thoroughly dry the seat fiber. if the flannel cloth is still dirty, wipe it with mild soapy water and warm water, and then thoroughly dry it.
if the dirt cannot be removed, try the commercially available fiber cleaner. use the cleaner in the less obvious position to make sure it will not have negative effect on the flannel cloth. use the detergent according to the instructions.
don’t eat in the car at ordinary times. when you have to eat, be careful not to let the fine residue of food fall on the seat to avoid the strange smell caused by mites or other microorganisms.
child seat
child seat
child seat
the full name of isofix is “international standards organization fix”, which means “international organization for standardization fixture” in chinese. it is a new standard for placing child seats in cars. this standard is being accepted by many automobile manufacturers. its function is to make the installation of child seats fast and simple.
when the car leaves the factory, the isofix interface has been installed in the car. child seat manufacturers install isofix connectors on child seats. in this way, the isofix child seat can be easily fixed to the isofix interface of the car.
the development of isofix is an important development, because many people can not correctly install child seats. the survey shows that a large proportion of child seats are not safe enough to install.
most child seats are placed on the seats in the car and secured with cross body shoulder straps (sometimes only with a belt). however, different cars have different seats, safety belts and fixing methods. different shapes of car seats, shorter safety belts and different anchor points will lead to some child seats being placed more forward or more backward. all these factors make it difficult to manufacture child seats suitable for all models.
isofix is designed to solve all these problems. its ultimate goal is to make any isofix child seat you buy suitable for your car. you can simply plug it into the child seat interface.
another function of isofix is that it can establish a rigid connection between the child seat and the car to make it more stable.
unfortunately, it takes a long time to develop the technical details of the isofix standard. upon completion of this work, regulation r44.03 must be updated to add new standards.
the isofix seats available in the market are only applicable to some models that have been tested.

1、 security
the child seat is usually installed on the back seat of the car. if it is placed on the front seat, the front windshield will hurt the child in case of collision. the front airbag of many vehicles can protect passengers well, but it is a fatal killer for children whose bones are not fully developed. if the child’s height is lower than the car seat or the weight is less than the small safety bearing of the seat, the child seat should be installed backward. if the forward installation is adopted, the young child’s neck is easily accessible to absorb the impact force of the impact to a large extent, so that the child’s fragile neck can be protected. however, when the child’s height exceeds the seat or weight exceeds the safety standard, such a backward installation is relatively unsafe. the backward installation and forward installation depend on the size of the child. at the same time, professional technicians should also be consulted when purchasing, and the installation should be carried out after detailed understanding.
child seat
child seat
2、 purchasing method
only when children’s safety seats are correctly purchased and used can they provide due safety guarantee for children’s riding safety.
don’t make a purchase decision too quickly. before purchasing, carefully read the user manual and product catalog provided by the seat manufacturer, and understand the characteristics and scope of use of each model in detail. you may want to consult the car manufacturer about this product to determine whether the seat of this model can be well installed in your car. think about how you will use it. for example, if you need to install and remove the child seat frequently, a lighter seat will be more suitable for you.
don’t buy used seats. cracks have even occurred due to plastic aging or long-term compression
child seat
child seat
collision may lead to hidden trouble of second-hand seats, which may lead to failure to play its due protective role in case of traffic accidents. it is also difficult for us to understand the past use background of these seats.
be sure to fill in the receipt and send it back to the seat manufacturer. it is convenient for manufacturers to notify you in time when they find quality problems and update product information. moreover, in case of design and manufacturing defects, you will not give up the right to be recalled.
3、 installation steps
whether the installation method is correct is crucial for the child safety seat to play its due protective role.
1. carefully read the operating instructions provided by the manufacturer and install the seats in strict accordance with the requirements. if the instruction manual is lost, consult the manufacturer and ask for another one.
2. install the child seat in the rear seat of the car as much as possible.
3. after the child safety seat is fastened to the car seat, the seat shall be pressed onto the car seat with slight force and then fastened to ensure fixation.
4. the seat belt should not have any slack.
5. under no circumstances should you make any changes to the design of the child safety seat or the car safety belt without authorization, so that an unsuitable child safety seat can be installed on your car.
6. if you often disassemble the child safety seat, you should carefully check whether it is properly placed after each installation. even if it is installed on the vehicle for a long time, regular inspection shall be carried out to ensure that the installation is firm.
7. if you think there is anything wrong with your installation, be sure to ask relevant personnel to check for you, so as not to leave any potential safety hazard.

4、 installation inspection
1. is the direction wrong. the baby seat must be installed backward, and can only be installed forward after the baby can sit.
2. installation position. it is not recommended to install the car child seat on the front passenger seat for safety; during the journey, the middle position of the rear seat is the right place to install the baby seat.
3. airbag. not only the front airbag will cause harm to the baby; you must check carefully to ensure that all the air bags around the baby are invalid. this must be confirmed.
4. whether the method is correct. the safety belt must be installed in the specified way, and the hole through which the safety belt should pass is the hole, only in this way can the stability be guaranteed; the product manual should be put in the car so that you can refer to it at any time during installation.
5. stability. after installation, you should shake it a few times, or kneel on the seat and shake it a few times to see if its deviation range can not exceed 2cm. if it exceeds the range, it means that your installation is unqualified, and you should install it again
6. baby comfort. adjust the distance between the safety belt and the baby’s body. it is better to put 2 fingers in, not too tight. the lower leg guards should also be adjusted, not too tight. if necessary, blanket or towel can be used.
5、 structural characteristics
child safety seats have been widely used in europe and the united states. as the number of private cars in china continues to rise, many families with children will worry about the safety of children riding. when choosing products, you must choose the right one, but not necessarily the expensive one. the safety seat can completely protect the baby’s head, brain and all parts of the body, and can completely absorb the instant impact on the baby’s head, brain and all parts of the body.
the seat completely eliminates any mistakes that may occur when people hold it, and also completely avoids all kinds of accidents that may occur when children ride alone, such as touching and moving; it can provide strong protection, buffering and maintenance for children during normal driving or in case of an accident.
the seat adopts an ergonomic shape that conforms to the characteristics of children’s body shape, fully matching the physiological characteristics of children of different ages, so that children can sit on it more considerate and comfortable.
6、 usage
no matter how short the journey is, you should use the child safety seat every time you drive with your children.
1. before starting, take time to check if the child is securely and comfortably strapped. make sure that the belt used to tighten the child is adjusted to the proper length – it is advisable to insert only two fingers between the child’s chest and the belt.
2. don’t put the buckle clip of the tension belt on the child’s belly.
3. the leg belt passes through the pelvis (not the stomach), from one hip bone to the other; the diagonal belt should be attached to the child’s shoulder, not the neck (some seats have a clip to help secure the belt). never put the seat belt on the child’s arm or back.
4. make sure that the safety belt passes through the safety seat in the correct way. some seats provide an alternative passage for use when the car seat belt is short and cannot pass through the main passage.
7、 cleaning and maintenance
1. remove the cloth cover and dry it naturally after hand washing with laundry detergent or baby specific clothes cleaner.
2. wipe the plastic part gently with a damp cloth.
3. if the child seat is damaged, it should be repaired in time to prevent children from pulling the damaged part more and more.
4. put the child seat in a dry place to avoid long hair.
5. when reinstalling and using, carefully check whether the installation is correct and firm.
8、 precautions
1. 0 to 1 year old infants are suitable for infants under 18 kg
the baby seat at this stage must be installed backward until the baby can sit up by himself.
2. children between 1 and 3 years old are suitable for children under 9-25kg
let children between 1 and 3 years old sit in the rear facing safety seat as long as possible. this is a good way to protect them. they should always sit in the rear facing safety seat until they reach the height or weight limit allowed by your car seat manufacturer. once your child grows taller than the rear facing safety seat, he will be ready to sit in the front facing safety seat with harness. when the car is facing back, the impact force will be distributed on the whole back and head to reduce the impact on the neck caused by the frontal impact.
3. suitable for children aged 4 to 7 up to 15-36 kg
let children aged 4 to 7 sit in the forward facing safety seat with harness until they reach the height or weight limit allowed by your car seat manufacturer. once they grow taller than the forward facing seat with harness, it is time to let them sit on the booster seat but still sit on the back seat.

4. children aged 8 to 12
have children aged 8 to 12 sit in their booster seats until they are old enough to fit the seat belts correctly. with the booster seat cushion, the child’s body will be raised to a certain height. in the event of a collision, the standard seat belt in the car will cover the stronger part of the body. research data show that children who use booster seats are about 75% less likely to be injured than children who do not use fixtures.
racing seats
racing seats
racing seats
racing seats after loss of comfort
the professional bucket seat is much lower than the ordinary seat. it has no recline and front and rear height adjustment. it is designed for a driver separately. the seat position is completely tailored to the driver’s figure and welded to the steel frame. excess regulation system will increase weight and be prone to failure. racing seats are usually made of hard plastic or carbon fiber as a skeleton, and are covered with lightweight anti-skid fabrics. there are holes above the backrest for the passage of professional safety belts. there are protective supports at the waist and at both sides of the head. the racers are fully bound to the seats to prevent the impact of centrifugal force on the riders during rapid cornering. the backrest and cushion are basically fixed at an angle of 90 degrees. such a seat has no comfort at all. its only purpose is safety. only a few original cars use racing seats as the standard configuration when they leave the factory. in order to meet the fans’ desire for racing, the refitting manufacturer has introduced adjustable racing seats. good racing seats have first-class quality, and of course the price is also first-class.
development history
as an important part of automobile interior decoration, the development of automobile seat cushion also promotes the development of automobile interior decoration industry. in its development process, it has condensed several characteristics of this industry during this period.
1. in the embryonic stage, there was no design before 2000, and the quality was generally small, with high profits for manufacturers and few dealers.
2. in the initial development period, 2000-2002, there was no design, the quality was average, the quantity increased, the scale was small, the production quantity increased, and the profit was acceptable.
3. during the rapid development period, from 2002 to 2005, the design began. the number of high, middle and low quality divisions increased significantly, with different sizes and scales and low profits. the number of brand operations increased significantly, with low profits. everyone started to compete for brands.
4. in the stable development period, after 2005, the design was emphasized, and the quality differentiation was more obvious. the manufacturers frequently closed n and opened new ones, with different sizes and profit differentiation. the brand operation began to strengthen, and large-scale dealers appeared. the large dealers took counter control of the manufacturers, and the small dealers took over the brands.
5. the monopoly period is unpredictable. according to the needs of the market, there is a reasonable situation that high-end products with excellent design and quality coexist with low-cost products. there are large-scale manufacturers and a large number of subordinate co processing plants. the profits are stable. the brand starts to seize most of the market. there is a combination or integration of large-scale dealers and manufacturers, and the profits are stable.
in these five stages, there are different cooperation relationships between manufacturers and dealers, and the same products also become different due to the needs of the market. however, in general, the development of products is obvious because of different stages. excellent design and good workmanship have become an important part of different high-end products in this market.
use, adjustment and production process of seats
life
if there is no special accident, the car cloth seat cover should be removed and cleaned every six months. the leather seat cover should be wiped frequently. when scrubbing, you must pay attention not to use acidic liquid to scrub, because the leather seat cover has been chemically treated, and acidic cleaner may affect its life.
don’t expose the car to the sun. the strong sunlight may cause the leather seat cover to oxidize and give off an unpleasant leather smell. in addition, the strong sunlight may also cause the seat cover to crack.
under normal circumstances, leather seat covers should be replaced every 5 years, and cloth seat covers should be replaced every year.
car seat
car seat
seat position adjustment
many drivers often neglect to adjust the position of the driver’s seat before driving. in fact, the correct driving posture can effectively protect the driver’s safety. if the seat position is not appropriate, it will affect the driver’s vision and control sensitivity, and even lead to traffic accidents, hurting yourself and others.
therefore, one thing before driving is to adjust the height of the driver’s seat. the correct seat height shall be adjusted so that the driver’s vision will not be blocked by the steering wheel, and all important instruments and street signs can be clearly seen. after adjusting the height of the seat, adjust the front and rear positions of the seat. first, you should lean your hips back as far as possible to reach between the cushion and the back of the chair, so that you can sit more stably without shaking. after you sit firmly, you should pay attention to the position of your hands and feet. put your left and right hands respectively at the 9 and 3 o’clock positions of the steering wheel. at this time, you should not let your back leave the seat back. if you leave, it means you sit too back and must move the seat forward. the other two hands should be slightly bent, so that in case of an accident, the impact force can be effectively dispersed and the force can not be concentrated on each joint of the arm.
in addition, the position of the left and right feet must be able to keep the legs bent when the pedal is pressed to the bottom. if your legs are straight when you step on the pedal to the bottom, you must pull the seat forward. it is worth noting that the knee should not be pressed against the steering column, and a certain distance should be kept, otherwise the foot movement will be affected and the reaction will not be timely.
the safety belt is a very effective safety device, which can effectively relieve people’s forward momentum. the safety belt also has its fastening method. generally, the position where the safety belt is pulled n in the car can be adjusted. the correct position is to adjust it to the position where it leans against the b-pillar and is the same or nearly the same height as the eyes when the safety belt is not in use. in this way, when the safety belt is buckled, it will just pass through the chest and clavicle. once the impact occurs, it will not cause the impact force to focus too much on a certain position and hurt passengers.
adjustment method
the driver’s seat shall protect the waist when keeping the seat surface and backrest at an angle of about 100 degrees. this is because when people lean against the seat back with an inclination of 100 degrees, they lean back slightly, which is just in line with the natural curve of our waist bending slightly. at this time, the bulge part designed at the waist back of the car seat can reduce the pressure on the waist.
in life, many novice drivers like to adjust the back of their seats straight, thinking that sitting straight is more effective. but in fact, according to our waist curve, the lumbar spine is straight, and the pressure it bears is also large, which is adverse to the waist.
experts suggest that you should check the back of your seat before driving today. if you are afraid that 100 degrees is not easy to master, you can first straighten the back of the chair, and then let the headrest of the chair lean back a fist or so.
if you want to drive a long-distance car, it is recommended to put a small cushion on your back to better protect your waist.
production process
it is difficult and simple to make the chair. two or three people and a leather sewing machine can wrap the leather chair. it looks ok on the surface, but it is much worse for an expert.
leather chair plate making is a basic and important work, and an important indicator to measure the quality of leather chairs. the pattern of leather chairs is controlled by experienced professional technicians. after the version is determined, the production process will begin.
the step is to cut skin. a piece of cowhide is about 40 to 50 square feet. the leather and leather surface of the cow back are good leather parts. they are generally used for the backrest and cushion of the seat. because these two parts of the seat are subject to long-term pressure and friction, they are also easy to feel. the leather surface of tripe and neck is poor. it is generally used for the skirt of seats or parts that are not easy to see. the leather has a certain stretching direction like the cloth. some leather chairs appear concave convex after sitting for a month or two, most of which are caused by improper cutting direction.
the second step is sewing. after the leather is cut, the sewing process begins. there is also some emphasis here. generally, 12 to 15mm thick sponge with mesh bottom is also placed under the leather. note that some stores cut corners here. when sewing, it is very important whether the workers are skilled. once the leather is sewn, it cannot be changed, or obvious pinholes will be left on the leather. when checking, pay attention to whether the needle distance of open thread is even, whether the leather head is exposed, whether there is burr and thread head, and whether the color of thread and leather is consistent.
the third step is to fit the seat. in short, it is to fit the sewn leather cover on the seat. simple to say, but not easy to do. when fitting, the leather case will be torn or scratched by a little carelessness. after fitting, the leather case should be firmly attached to the seat by tapping and pulling. the clips for fixing the leather case should be rust proof, and the size and tightness of the clips should be consistent. when assembling the seat, the seam between the cushion and the cushion should be symmetrical and neat.
the fourth step is to reinstall the seat. the space of the door and the interior of the car is limited, and the size of the seats is not small, and they are relatively heavy. when reinstalling, it is necessary to avoid scratching the seat surface and touching the car paint, so it must be done according to the requirements of the reinstallation process, otherwise, the previous work will be wasted if there is any carelessness.
generally, leather chairs for five seater cars can be made in 3-4 hours.
after using the leather chair for a period of time, some owners will encounter some problems:
1. foaming: also called separation layer, mainly due to the quality of glue. imported leather shall be selected as far as possible.
2. needle thread crack: leftover problems in material or process. find the shop owner to repair it.
3. discoloration: leather quality problem. try to choose imported leather.
4. deformation: mainly concentrated in the cushion and backrest. it is a problem with the operation process. it is not cut according to the texture of the leather. ok, that’s all for the introduction of leather chair making. i hope it will be helpful to you.